Abstract
Ungulates, such as elk (Cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), moose (Alces alces), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) are ecologically and economically important in Idaho. Many ungulate populations also provide hunting and tourism opportunities. Understanding potential effects that climate change will have on ungulates is important to make sure that herds remain healthy. Understanding climate effects on winter survival is particularly important because winter is the season with the highest mortality rates.