Abstract
In recent years small domed rock structures have been recorded throughout western North America; others are located in Australia. Those that occur on railroad-related sites are mainly associated with railroad construction camps; a few are known to have been built by later section gang workers. Still others have been found in mining regions, particularly in California. While folklore has often referred to them as "Chinese ovens," no archaeological or documentary evidence has yet been found that would definitely support a Chinese association with either their manufacture or use in the United States. Instead, there is reason to believe that they were built and used mainly by Italian immigrants who brought with them a familiarity with the construction and use of such ovens for baking bread. In Canada and Australia, however, domed rock structures have occasionally been found on sites apparently coinciding with Chinese occupation. This paper surveys rock oven construction techniques, distribution, ethnic associations, dating, and related literature; it provides a starting point for more intensive, localized studies of such structures.