Abstract
Variation in overstory biomass and mean annual biomass increment (MABI) of upland forest stands was studied at two spatial scales: glacial landforms (1: 250 000–1: 000 000) and ecological land units (1: 10 000–1: 80 000). Ecological land units were defined based on combinations of ground-flora vegetation, soil, and physiography. Biomass estimates were based on allometric regression equations developed in the Lake States area. Analyses of covariance were used to study the patterns of total biomass and biomass increment among glacial landforms and among ecological land units; stand age was used as the covariate. Overstory biomass ranged from 105 t/ha (MABI = 1.5 t ha
−1
year
−1
) on glacial outwash landforms to 208 t/ha (MABI = 3.2 t ha
−1
year
−1
) on morainal landforms; 37% of the total variation in biomass was accounted for by landform. Analysis at the ecological land unit scale accounted for a higher proportion of variation, approximately 60% of the total. Overstory biomass among ecological land units ranged from 85 t/ha (MABI = 1.3 t ha
−1
year
−1
) for oak-dominated forests occurring on xeric sandy outwash sediments to almost 250 t/ha (MABI = 3.6 t ha
−1
year
−1
) for sugar maple–red oak forests occurring in mesic morainal positions. Variation in biomass appeared to be strongly related to differences in species composition and variation in soil moisture availability, as evidenced by differences in soil texture and the presence or absence of deep-lying textural bands. Since ground-flora composition often reflects variation in soil properties, we examined the relationship between ground-flora composition and biomass increment. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to ordinate stands along a floristic gradient. Regression of stand ordination scores against MABI was significant (r
2
= 0.65), indicating a relatively strong association between ground-flora composition and productivity. One advantage of understanding spatial variation in site productivity is that ecological land units can be readily mapped, whereas traditional estimates of site potential, such as site index, are point specific.