Abstract
Forests in the western US have undergone a profound transformation over the last 100 years due to chronic fire suppression and a cycle of extensive timber harvest followed by little silvicultural activity. Forested landscapes in this region are now dominated by intermediate age, denser stands of coniferous trees that reduce transmission of light and precipitation to the understory, with potential consequences for ungulate nutrition. We used a 20-year dataset of mule deer locations (560 animal-years of data) to evaluate long-term patterns of selection of forest stands that had been thinned and burned compared to untreated reference stands. We evaluated within home-range (3rd order) selection at 3 temporal scales (hourly, daily, annually) and landscape-scale (2nd order) use annually. We found that annual selection of treated stands during summer generally increased with two peaks, once immediately after treatments were applied and again 15 years later. Mule deer also showed strong seasonal and temporal patterns in selection of treated forest stands. Deer selected treated stands at night in July and August immediately after treatments. After 4–6 years, mule deer selected treated stands both during the day and at night in May, July, and August, but with stronger selection at night. We hypothesize that preference for treated forest stands were driven by differences in forage quantity and quality among forest stands. Vegetation surveys during years of peak selection showed that treated stands had significantly higher biomass and digestible energy of neutrally selected forage and lower biomass of avoided forage species, although there was no difference in biomass of preferred forage species. A subset of female mule deer with multiple years of data did not shift home ranges to overlap with treated forest stands over time (2nd order use) but did show increasing selection over time for treated forest stands within their home ranges (3rd order). Our results show that thinning and burning of forest stands can benefit mule deer both immediately and for up to 15 years after treatment and that researchers should evaluate temporal and seasonal patterns in studies of habitat selection. Given the diverse habitat needs of mule deer, treatments would be most beneficial if they were scattered across large landscapes and staggered in time to provide a diversity of forage and cover types.
•Mule deer selected fuel reduction treatments for 15 years after implementation.•Certain times (night) and seasons (late summer) showed higher selection.•Site fidelity restricted mule deer use of fuel treatments outside their home range.•Mule deer did increase selection of fuel treatments within their home range.•Small and scattered fuel treatments would be better for mule deer than large blocks.