Abstract
In the USA, the lack of systematic post-release assessments of weed biological control projects demonstrating quantitative effects of biological control agents on target weed densities, population biology, and/or vegetation responses remain a concern. While there are numerous quantitative assessments, overall conclusions are limited in scope by the spatial scale covered, duration of study, potentially confounding factors, or weed parameters measured. The United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal Plant Health Inspection Service is the regulatory agency responsible for biological control agent releases. USDA APHIS requires post-release impact monitoring of target weed populations as part of release permits issued for new biological control agents. However, large scale, long-term impact assessments are rarely conducted for a variety of reasons. To address this problem, biocontrol practitioners developed a standardized impact monitoring protocol (SIMP) for the State of Idaho in 2007. The intent was to collect ecological data which are sufficiently robust for quantitative analysis, while minimizing time spent in the field to make data collection appealing to citizen scientists and land managers. SIMP has since been implemented for ten weed biocontrol systems, with more than fifteen years of monitoring data for some systems. SIMP data are collected along permanent transects and include weed density and size parameters, categorical vegetation community and biocontrol agent abundance data. Data are repeated measures, which are well suited for dynamic population modeling and can be coupled with environmental factors (e.g., climate or soil data) to analyze how processes like climate (and climate change) can drive variation in weed biocontrol agent interactions. SIMP data can be combined with detailed weed, nontarget plant and/or biocontrol agent surveys to add analytical data. Finally, SIMP has also been implemented for two weeds for which biological control agents have not yet been introduced to provide weed and community vegetation data prior to releases.