Abstract
Fishing guides occupy a unique, complex, and rapidly evolving entrepreneurial role in the management of fisheries in the United States. The objectives of this study were to (1) explore a conceptual framework for the roles of guides in recreational fishing, (2) audit and compare guide licensing requirements among states, and (3) as a case study, assess and characterize the fishing guide industry in Oklahoma. An audit was conducted of other state management agencies from their websites and through direct communication to determine license pricing and requirements (i.e., reporting or accountabilities). A census of fishing guides was performed in Oklahoma on a range of topics relevant to the industry and conservation, complemented by a statewide angler survey focused on guide clients. Four key topics emerged from the case study: (1) guide licensing and license fees, (2) potential requirements and accountability of licensees, (3) prevalence and types of technology used by guides, and (4) the contribution of the fishing guide industry to client recruitment, retention, and reactivation. Data from Oklahoma and other states indicated recent industry growth, with states that have guide licenses (31 of 50) assessing an average license fee of $257.07 (range: $10–$1,500). Differential pricing based on guide residence was common (15 of 31 states), with higher average pricing for nonresident guides ($535.93) than residents ($146.48). A “fun experience” and “learning opportunity” were key offerings provided by guides to clients. Guides rated forward imaging and boat-mounted sonar as most important tools they use, while acknowledging importance of first aid/CPR as guide safety credentials. Guides function as selectively well-informed professionals – commercial operators – participating in gradual re-commercialization of recreational fisheries. The emphasis on harvest with most guides (71%) suggests a role in recruitment, retention, and reactivation of fishing license buyers. Licensing agencies must ensure that the guide industry plays an appropriate, positive, and collaborative role in fisheries management and conservation.