Abstract
Anthropogenic land use change affects the provision of ecosystem services (ES), including water provisioning and habitat for pollinators. Understanding the value of benefits provided by forests is crucial for the design of current and future water provisioning and ES conservation policies. However, special attention should be devoted to understanding the validity of the methods widely used for the estimation of benefit-value. The first chapter of this dissertation provides an overview of the social-ecological system in the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica and the rationale for the research I conducted. The second chapter of this dissertation examines the value of water for household uses, obtained from two different water-provisioning projects: well construction and reforestation. Results from contingent valuation and choice experiments methods show that residents are willing to pay a considerable amount for household water and that water generated from reforestation has a higher value than water generated from well construction. The third chapter of this dissertation examines the effects of incorporating risk as a separate attribute in choice experiments, and the effects of positive or negative framing on estimates of willingness to pay. We found that residents are willing to pay more for reforestation and additional water when information about risk is provided as a separate attribute and when risk is presented positively (e.g., probability of success vs. probability of failure) in choice experiments. The last chapter presents an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach for using local ecological knowledge to generate practical information for the valuation of ES. We used beekeepers as a case study, as they have been working in the Nicoya Peninsula region for many years and their livelihoods are impacted by land use change. Results from a questionnaire showed that participants prefer forests for beekeeping, and rank native trees as their most important floral resources. In interviews, beekeepers reported a loss of floral resources over time, which is often due to land use changes that have been incentivized by policies at the national level. This research provides insights into resource changes from the species to landscape scale and recommendations for improving ES management and conservation policies.